Welcome to the FinReg Monthly Update, a regular bulletin highlighting the latest developments in UK, EU and US financial services regulation.

Key Developments in August 2026:

United Kingdom

General Financial Services – Cross Sector

11 August – FOS Redress: The Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) has published a policy statement on modernising the redress system.

10 August – High Growth Firms: The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has published its findings, including examples of good and poor practice, following a review of its early and high growth oversight pilot with high-growth firms.

7 August – Annex 1 Firms: The FCA has published a statement setting out its concerns about a number of risks it has identified among Annex 1 financial institutions.

Asset Management / Wealth Management

18 August – Wealth Management: The FCA has published a report containing its findings from its wealth management survey.

13 August – Retail Fund Liquidity Risk Management: The FCA has published a policy statement on enhancing fund liquidity risk management UK retail investment funds (PS26/17).

3 August – UK Transaction Reporting Regime: The FCA has published a policy statement on improvements to the UK transaction reporting regime (PS26/15).

Banking / Payments / Consumer Credit

27 August – Payments Innovation: HM Treasury has published a press release announcing that it intends to give the Bank of England a new secondary payments innovation objective, which will be subordinate to its primary financial stability objective.

19 August – Motor Finance: The FCA has published a new webpage providing feedback on firms’ implementation plans for its motor finance compensation scheme.

Insurance

10 August – Insurance Run-Off: The Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) is offering a modification by consent for run-off firms that meet the thresholds to be classified as a non-Solvency UK firm, but are excluded because they have general insurance, credit and suretyship liabilities.

Securities / Capital Markets

28 August – Primary Market Bulletin: The FCA has published Primary Market Bulletin 65, covering its concerns about potentially misleading statements in regulatory announcements and its review of sponsors’ use of expert reports to support specialist due diligence for new admissions to the Equity Shares (Commercial Companies) category.

5 August – UK IPOs: The FCA has published a policy statement setting out changes to information flows for UK equity IPOs (PS26/16).

European Union

Asset Management / Wealth Management

25 August – CRD IV: The European Banking Authority (EBA) has published a consultation paper on draft RTS on the reclassification of investment firms as credit institutions under the CRD IV Directive (2013/36/EU).

24 August – Retail Investment Strategy: The European Commission has asked the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and EIOPA for technical advice on level 2 measures under the proposed Directive on retail investment protection (Omnibus Directive), which relates to its Retail Investment Strategy for the EU.

Banking

3 August – Bank Market Risk: The EBA has published no-action letter and technical considerations on implementing EU bank market risk framework, on the boundary between the banking book and the trading book, along with technical clarifications on issues linked to the European Commission’s Delegated Regulation modifying the calculation of own funds requirements for market risk under the fundamental review of the trading book framework.

United States

General Financial Services – Cross Sector

31 August – Market Vulnerabilities and AI-Driven Cyber Risks: The Financial Stability Board (FSB) published a letter warning that vulnerabilities in sovereign debt and private credit markets, elevated asset valuations and increased leverage could amplify a disorderly market correction. The letter identified the effect of frontier AI on cyber risk as the most immediate technology-related concern and called on financial institutions, market infrastructures and technology providers to strengthen their vulnerability management, response and recovery capabilities.

24 August – Financial Sector Quantum-Readiness Task Force: Treasury launched a public-private task force to coordinate the U.S. financial sector’s transition to quantum-safe technology. Its work will focus on post-quantum cryptography, third-party and vendor preparedness, and risks involving digital assets and emerging technologies, including by identifying critical dependencies and strengthening cryptographic agility, interoperability and operational resilience.

17 August – GENIUS Act Stablecoin Restrictions: Treasury issued proposed rules implementing the GENIUS Act’s restrictions on issuing, offering and selling payment stablecoins in the United States. The proposal defines when a stablecoin is issued in the United States or offered or sold to a U.S. person and addresses foreign-issued stablecoins, digital asset service providers and available exemptions and safe harbors. Comments are due by October 19.

Asset Management / Wealth Management

31 August – Form PF Amendments: The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) issued a joint final rule further extending the compliance date for the Form PF amendments adopted in February 2024 from October 1, 2026, to July 1, 2027. The extension will allow the agencies to consider comments received on their April 2026 proposal to revise Form PF and is intended to prevent filers from incurring potentially significant costs to implement requirements that may subsequently be revised or eliminated. Until the new compliance date, filers may continue using the current version of Form PF.

18 August – CPO and CTA Registration Exemptions: The CFTC published a notice of proposed rulemaking that would introduce a new pool-by-pool exemption from commodity pool operator registration for SEC-registered investment advisers operating privately offered commodity pools limited to specified sophisticated investors. The proposal would also restore related relief from commodity trading advisor registration and increase the capital contribution threshold for the small-pool exemption to $800,000.Comments are due by October 5.

Securities / Capital Markets

31 August – Information-Sharing Framework: The SEC and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) entered into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) designed to support their respective missions of ensuring market integrity and protecting public health. The MOU establishes information-sharing protocols to enhance cooperation on regulatory and enforcement matters, including compliance with federal securities law disclosure requirements concerning FDA-regulated products. The MOU will remain in effect for three years unless extended or modified.

18 August – Framework for Crypto Assets: The SEC proposed “Regulation Crypto Assets,” a securities offering framework for certain investment contracts involving crypto assets. The proposal builds on the SEC’s March 2026 interpretation regarding the application of the federal securities laws to crypto assets and largely tracks the framework outlined in a March 2026 speech by Commissioner Atkins. The proposal includes two registration exemptions: a one-time exemption for offerings of up to $5 million during a four-year period and an exemption for offerings of up to $75 million during each 12-month period. Both would require principles-based narrative disclosures, while the larger exemption would also require financial statements and ongoing reporting. The proposal also includes a conditional safe harbor under which a crypto asset would no longer be deemed an “investment contract” after the issuer completes or permanently ceases its essential managerial efforts. Antifraud requirements would continue to apply, and certain state registration requirements would be preempted. Comments are due by October 20.

Commodities / Derivative Markets

20 August – Innovation Advisory Committee Meeting: The CFTC held the inaugural meeting of its Innovation Advisory Committee. In accompanying remarks, Chairman Selig outlined a “Roadmap for the New Frontier of Finance” focused on developing regulatory frameworks for crypto assets and compute markets and advancing rules on consumer protection, product governance, market design and incentive programs for prediction markets.

19 August – Derivatives Contracts: The CFTC issued a request for comment concerning derivatives that reference the price of access to computing power, or “compute,” used primarily by large language models and other artificial intelligence applications. The request seeks input on compute cash markets, market oversight and manipulation risks, customer protections and perpetual compute futures. Comments are due by October 20.

7–12 August – Prediction Markets: The CFTC issued several prediction-market updates, signaling a broader effort to assert its regulatory authority over these markets while establishing standards for their operation. First, staff reminded regulated entities to display clear and accurate event-contract pricing, warning that “American” odds may mislead customers about the nature and pricing of the product. The CFTC then exercised its emergency authority following a New York lawsuit seeking to prevent KalshiEX from offering event contracts nationwide, ordering the exchange to continue operating. Finally, staff issued guidance addressing procedural and substantive deficiencies in self-certifications for prediction-market incentive programs.

Financial Crime / Enforcement / Sanctions

28 August – Insider Trading: The CFTC announced a settled enforcement action against a White House teleprompter operator for misappropriating material nonpublic information about presidential speeches to trade “presidential mention” event contracts on a prediction market platform, generating more than $107,500 in profits. In addition to disgorging such profits, the employee agreed to pay a civil penalty of $65,000 and accept a three-year trading ban.

27 August – False Form ADV Filings: The SEC charged 38 entities with making material misrepresentations in Form ADV filings to create the appearance of legitimate U.S. advisory firms and lure retail investors. The SEC removed the entities’ exempt reporting adviser filings from its website and seeks injunctions and civil penalties. It also issued an investor alert warning that scammers may use public SEC exempt reporting adviser filings to feign legitimacy.

18 August – Fraud: The SEC charged three former executives of a collapsed subprime auto lender with defrauding investors by double pledging auto loans to multiple asset-backed securities offerings and lenders and manipulating loan metrics. More than $945 million remained outstanding when the lender filed for bankruptcy. The SEC seeks monetary and injunctive relief, and parallel criminal charges are pending.

14 August – Pre-IPO Fraud: The SEC charged an individual and three controlled entities with raising more than $74 million from over 800 mostly retail investors through private funds investing in pre-IPO shares. The defendants allegedly used high-pressure sales tactics and concealed markups averaging approximately 46%, generating $23 million in upfront fees. The SEC seeks monetary and injunctive relief.

10 August – Pre-IPO Fraud: The SEC charged a private fund adviser, its CEO and affiliated general partners with misappropriating client assets, charging undisclosed fees and conducting principal transactions involving pre-IPO shares without required investor consent. Without admitting the allegations, the defendants agreed to injunctions and court-determined monetary relief. The CEO also agreed to a three-year associational bar.

3 August – Charges AML Supervision Failures: The CFTCFinCENFINRA and the SEC each announced settled actions against a major financial institution for supervisory failures that caused thousands of foreign-currency wire transfers to be insufficiently monitored or omitted from its anti-money laundering (AML) monitoring systems. The institution had previously settled enforcement actions relating to similar underlying issues and had represented, in connection with such settlements, that the issues would be remediated. The institution agreed to pay, in aggregate, approximately $173 million in civil penalties.

Print:
Email this postTweet this postLike this postShare this post on LinkedIn
Photo of John Verwey John Verwey

John Verwey is a Regulatory partner and a member of the Firm’s Private Capital industry group.

John advises on financial services regulatory matters at a national UK and European level. He specializes in advising investment firms, including venture, private equity, credit, and hedge…

John Verwey is a Regulatory partner and a member of the Firm’s Private Capital industry group.

John advises on financial services regulatory matters at a national UK and European level. He specializes in advising investment firms, including venture, private equity, credit, and hedge fund managers as well as institutional managers and advisers, on all aspects of the UK and EU regulatory regimes.

Another key area of focus is advising clients in the financial services sector on mergers and acquisitions, re-organisations and associated regulatory approvals.

John represents a variety of clients that range from small start-up fund managers to established global fund advisers and managers. In The Legal 500, John is noted as “an all-rounder who gets into the details and manages client expectations on navigating tricky regulatory requirements”.

Photo of Andrew Wingfield Andrew Wingfield

Andrew Wingfield is an M&A partner and member of the Private Capital Team.

Andrew undertakes a broad range of domestic and cross-border corporate and commercial work for both corporate and private equity clients, advising on acquisitions and disposals, joint ventures, mergers and public…

Andrew Wingfield is an M&A partner and member of the Private Capital Team.

Andrew undertakes a broad range of domestic and cross-border corporate and commercial work for both corporate and private equity clients, advising on acquisitions and disposals, joint ventures, mergers and public takeovers, flotations and equity capital markets and private equity investment.

Andrew is called upon by financial institutions, private equity houses, management and corporates to lead on complex and high-value transactions. Andrew has a very strong financial institutions practice and has been recognized by Chambers UK and Legal 500 in recent years as the “go-to regulatory M&A lawyer” for regulated institutions such as banks, lenders, payment providers, insurance companies, wealth managers or other financial institutions transactions.

In addition, Andrew is widely recognized as a leading M&A and private equity lawyer. In Chambers UK, Andrew has been noted as “dynamic and commercial” and for providing “tailored, practical advice.” A client told Legal 500, “Andrew Wingfield – best lawyer I ever worked with. Super helpful, goes extra mile where needed.”

Photo of Richard Bull Richard Bull

Richard Bull is a partner in the Corporate Department and a member of our Private Equity and Mergers & Acquisitions Groups.

Richard advises on a wide range of corporate work, including M&A, private investments, corporate venturing, joint ventures and corporate restructurings. Richard has…

Richard Bull is a partner in the Corporate Department and a member of our Private Equity and Mergers & Acquisitions Groups.

Richard advises on a wide range of corporate work, including M&A, private investments, corporate venturing, joint ventures and corporate restructurings. Richard has extensive experience of acting on private equity, growth and expansion capital transactions of all types and sizes for sponsors and management teams, both of a domestic and international nature, with a particular focus in the financial services and technology industries.

Richard is described by Legal 500 “as one of the most capable PE lawyers in the market” and “truly excellent.” Richard was also identified by a survey of private equity sponsors undertaken by The Lawyer as one of the top private equity lawyers based in London, and as a highly regarded private equity and M&A lawyer by IFLR 1000.

Photo of Oliver R. Howley Oliver R. Howley

Oliver Howley is a partner in Proskauer’s Technology, Media & Telecommunications Group. He is a trusted advisor to businesses in the technology, manufacturing, sports and financial services sectors, providing valued input on IP, technology and data-related strategies and transactions.

Oliver is a multi-specialist…

Oliver Howley is a partner in Proskauer’s Technology, Media & Telecommunications Group. He is a trusted advisor to businesses in the technology, manufacturing, sports and financial services sectors, providing valued input on IP, technology and data-related strategies and transactions.

Oliver is a multi-specialist, with a day-to-day practice covering commercial contracts, IP, technology and data protection work. He regularly advises on the structuring and terms of contracts relating to the creation, licensing and monetisation of technology and data products, with a particular focus on machine learning and artificial intelligence systems. He also has extensive experience in advising on the IP, technology, data and carve-out aspects of corporate transactions (including joint ventures, acquisitions, disposals and investments) and on sponsorship, image rights and endorsement deals in the sports sector.

Oliver has been recognized as a “Rising Star” in The Legal 500 for consecutive years. Recent professional directories note that “no matter how complex the landscape, no detail escapes [Oliver’s] attention” and that his “logical… and forensic analytical approach make him a force to be reckoned with”. He also receives praise for his commercial contracts work and “niche in robotics and artificial intelligence”.

Photo of Anna Maleva-Otto Anna Maleva-Otto

Anna Maleva-­Otto is a Regulatory partner and a member of the Firm’s Private Capital industry group.

Anna advises on a range of UK financial services regulatory matters, including the impact of EU directives and regulations, the establishment and operation of FCA-­regulated businesses in…

Anna Maleva-­Otto is a Regulatory partner and a member of the Firm’s Private Capital industry group.

Anna advises on a range of UK financial services regulatory matters, including the impact of EU directives and regulations, the establishment and operation of FCA-­regulated businesses in the UK, as well as trading on UK and EU markets.

Anna also often assists clients with the design of their compliance policies and procedures, internal investigations and staff training. She frequently participates in industry working groups in connection with new and emerging regulatory initiatives and has advised asset managers on several key pieces of recent EU legislation, including General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Short Selling Regulation, Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD), the second Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II), Market Abuse Regulation (MAR), the Securities Financing Transactions Regulation (SFTR), European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) and Securitization Regulation.

Anna has been named among the world’s 50 Leading Women in Hedge Funds by The Hedge Fund Journal and frequently speaks and writes on topics related to her areas of experience. She has previously co-authored the UK chapter in the Chambers Alternative Funds Guide – a guide examining key industry trends and regulatory and tax matters impacting funds, managers and investors.

Photo of Nathan Schuur Nathan Schuur

Nathan Schuur is a partner in the firm’s Private Funds Group and a member of the Corporate Department. He counsels clients on regulatory and compliance matters related to fund formation across all asset classes.

Nate’s practice focuses on regulatory issues arising under the…

Nathan Schuur is a partner in the firm’s Private Funds Group and a member of the Corporate Department. He counsels clients on regulatory and compliance matters related to fund formation across all asset classes.

Nate’s practice focuses on regulatory issues arising under the Advisers Act and Investment Company Act. He advises on regulations surrounding the structuring and operation of funds, including marketing issues, SEC exams, adviser M&A, GP stake sales, continuation funds and stapled transactions. Nate provides legal advice and guidance on a wide range of matters involving the regulation of investment companies, investment advisers, and related entities such as BDCs and ERAs.

Before joining Proskauer, Nate spent several years at the Securities and Exchange Commission. During his time at the SEC, he served as counsel to a Commissioner, where he provided legal and policy advice on rulemaking, enforcement, litigation, and other matters, with a special focus on investment management issues. He also served as senior counsel in the Division of Investment Management. Prior to his SEC tenure, Nate practiced in the funds and regulatory teams of two top law firms. This combination of experience in private practice and at the senior levels of a regulator provides him with valuable perspective in helping funds and advisers navigate complex regulatory requirements and assess risk.

Photo of Robert Sutton Robert Sutton

Robert Sutton is a partner of the Private Funds Group and a member of the Corporate Department. He is a seasoned practitioner with over 20 years of experience counseling managers and advisers of private funds on regulatory matters, as well as regulatory issues…

Robert Sutton is a partner of the Private Funds Group and a member of the Corporate Department. He is a seasoned practitioner with over 20 years of experience counseling managers and advisers of private funds on regulatory matters, as well as regulatory issues related to the formation and operation of private equity, credit, real estate, infrastructure, hedge and other private funds.

Rob has a deep knowledge of the market practice of asset managers and in particular, as it relates to Advisers Act-related issues. From some of the largest and most sophisticated firms in the global asset management industry to start-ups and mid-sized firms, Rob’s experience includes a wide spectrum of funds and asset classes across their life cycles. Rob regularly advises on matters in connection with: U.S. investment adviser registration and regulation; Advisers Act and other U.S. securities law issues relating to the formation, marketing and offering of private funds; Identifying and managing conflicts of interest, and addressing related Advisers Act risks, SEC examinations, and exam readiness preparation; Design and implementation of investment adviser compliance policies and procedures; U.S. regulatory issues relating to purchases and sales of investment advisory businesses (minority stake and control stake transactions, buy-side and sell-side representations); Advisers Act and other U.S. regulatory issues relating to private fund restructurings and recapitalizations, strip sales, continuation fund formations and similar transactions; Advisers Act issues relating to the formation of SPACs by investment advisers; and, Investment Company Act status analyses of private fund structures, investment transaction structures and other non-registered investment company structures.

Rob has been recognized by his clients and peers for his extraordinary work, gaining various accolades including mentions in preeminent directories such as The Legal 500.  He is also very active within the private funds industry, contributing to numerous publications and collaborating on several speaking engagements.

Photo of Mary Wilks Mary Wilks

Mary Wilks is an Antitrust partner and a member of the Firm’s Private Capital industry group.

Mary advises on a broad range of EU and UK competition law issues, including multijurisdictional mergers, behavioral investigations, complex supply and distribution arrangements, and foreign investment controls…

Mary Wilks is an Antitrust partner and a member of the Firm’s Private Capital industry group.

Mary advises on a broad range of EU and UK competition law issues, including multijurisdictional mergers, behavioral investigations, complex supply and distribution arrangements, and foreign investment controls including, notably, the UK’s newly adopted National Security and Investment Act. She advises clients on the competition aspects of transactions including M&A, equity investments, consortium transactions and secondaries.

Mary works across all sectors, with particular experience in consumer products, healthcare, TMT and financial services.

Mary regularly counsels clients on their engagement with the Competition and Markets Authority, the European Commission, and other prominent international enforcement agencies and regulatory authorities.

Mary Wilks has a reputation as an “excellent lawyer” who “plays a leading role on a range of high-profile cases.” According to sources, “She is always fully on top of the detail but also able to pull out the most important points for the case.

Prior to joining Proskauer, Mary was a counsel in the antitrust, competition and trade department at another leading law firm in London.

Photo of Edward Lister Edward Lister

Edward Lister is a special regulatory counsel and a member of the Private Equity Transactions and Mergers & Acquisitions Groups.

Edward advises a wide range of stakeholders in the insurance industry, including major insurers and reinsurers, insurance intermediaries, Lloyd’s syndicates and insurtech companies.

Edward Lister is a special regulatory counsel and a member of the Private Equity Transactions and Mergers & Acquisitions Groups.

Edward advises a wide range of stakeholders in the insurance industry, including major insurers and reinsurers, insurance intermediaries, Lloyd’s syndicates and insurtech companies. Edward’s practice has a strong focus on commercial and regulatory insurance matters, and Edward regularly advises clients on FCA, PRA and Lloyd’s rules and procedures, including jurisdictional issues, Solvency II / UK regulation, insurance conduct of business standards, systems and controls for insurers and insurance intermediaries, applications for authorisation and the Senior Managers & Certification Regime.

Photo of Rachel Lowe Rachel Lowe

Rachel E. Lowe is a special regulatory counsel in the Corporate Department and a member of the Private Investment Funds Group.

Rachel advises on financial services regulation specializing in sustainable finance and ESG regulation. She has particular expertise in drafting and advising on…

Rachel E. Lowe is a special regulatory counsel in the Corporate Department and a member of the Private Investment Funds Group.

Rachel advises on financial services regulation specializing in sustainable finance and ESG regulation. She has particular expertise in drafting and advising on the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) and the Taxonomy Regulation. Rachel has also supported with EU MiFID and AIFMD sustainability updates for clients, including from a governance and organizational perspective, as well as providing drafting and training support. She also advises on the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), including analysis of its applicability for large international group structures.

From a UK perspective, Rachel supports clients with the TCFD-related requirements in the Financial Conduct Authority’s ESG Sourcebook and is increasingly engaged on the UK’s Sustainability Disclosure Requirements (SDR).

More broadly, Rachel has worked with litigation colleagues to assist clients with understanding and mitigating greenwashing-related legal and regulatory risk.

Photo of Sasha Burger Sasha Burger

Sasha Burger is an associate in the Corporate Department and a member of the Private Investment Funds Group.

Adam Frost

Adam Frost is an associate in the Corporate Department and is a member of the Private Funds Group.Adam Frost is an associate in the Corporate Department and is a member of the Private Funds Group.

Photo of Sulaiman Malik Sulaiman Malik

Sulaiman Malik is an associate in the Corporate Department and a member of the Private Funds Group.

Sulaiman advises clients on a range of UK and international financial regulation. He advises private equity funds, hedge funds, sovereign wealth funds and other asset managers…

Sulaiman Malik is an associate in the Corporate Department and a member of the Private Funds Group.

Sulaiman advises clients on a range of UK and international financial regulation. He advises private equity funds, hedge funds, sovereign wealth funds and other asset managers, as well as banks, FinTechs, broker-dealers and governments.

Prior to joining Proskauer, Sulaiman trained at Simmons & Simmons in London, where he was seconded to Brevan Howard. He has also spent time at the UK’s Ministry of Justice and as an adviser to the Mayor of Brisbane, in Australia.

Sulaiman is a passionate advocate for diversity and inclusion. He previously worked at Rare, a market-leading diversity consultancy, and provides pro bono legal advice to a range of community and civil rights organizations.

Photo of Michael Singh Michael Singh

Michael is an associate in the Private Funds Group in the Corporate Department.

Michael advises clients on a variety of regulatory issues both from a UK and European perspective. He also helps clients on fund related transactions. His clients include private equity firms…

Michael is an associate in the Private Funds Group in the Corporate Department.

Michael advises clients on a variety of regulatory issues both from a UK and European perspective. He also helps clients on fund related transactions. His clients include private equity firms, investment managers, FinTech companies and wealth management businesses.

He is dual-qualified as a German lawyer (“Rechtsanwalt”) and Solicitor of England and Wales and previously was in-house counsel at Deutsche Bank.

Photo of Caroline Spillane Caroline Spillane

Caroline Spillane is an associate in the Corporate Department and is a member of the Registered Funds Group.

Photo of Tazia Statucki Tazia Statucki

As a corporate associate and member of the Firm’s Private Investment Funds group, Tazia Statucki focuses on regulatory and compliance matters affecting private funds and their advisers. She counsels clients on a range of issues arising under U.S. securities laws, including the Advisers…

As a corporate associate and member of the Firm’s Private Investment Funds group, Tazia Statucki focuses on regulatory and compliance matters affecting private funds and their advisers. She counsels clients on a range of issues arising under U.S. securities laws, including the Advisers Act and the Investment Company Act.

Prior to joining Proskauer, Tazia gained valuable experience at global law firms where she worked on regulatory, compliance, and enforcement-related matters within the financial services industry. During her tenure at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Tazia served as a Senior Counsel in the Office of the General Counsel and the Office of International Affairs, advising on sophisticated regulatory and enforcement matters involving novel legal questions and cross-border considerations.

In addition to her legal practice, Tazia is a Professorial Lecturer in Law at The George Washington University Law School. In this role, she coaches law students in written and oral advocacy, preparing them for both advocacy competitions and professional practice.